Wi-Fi: Bluetooth LE coexistence

The Bluetooth LE coexistence sample demonstrates coexistence between Wi-Fi® and Bluetooth® LE radios in 2.4 GHz frequency.

Requirements 

The sample supports the following development kit:

Hardware platforms	PCA	Board name	Board target	Shields
Thingy:53	PCA20053	thingy53	`thingy53/nrf5340/cpuapp`	`nrf7002eb`
nRF7002 DK (emulating nRF7001)	PCA10143	nrf7002dk	`nrf7002dk/nrf5340/cpuapp/nrf7001`
nRF7002 DK	PCA10143	nrf7002dk	`nrf7002dk/nrf5340/cpuapp`
nRF5340 DK	PCA10095	nrf5340dk	`nrf5340dk/nrf5340/cpuapp`	`nrf7002ek` `nrf7002ek_nrf7001`

Running test cases for this sample requires additional software, such as the Wi-Fi iPerf application. Use iPerf version 2.0.5. For more details, see Network Traffic Generator.

The sample demonstrates how the coexistence mechanism is implemented, and how it can be enabled and disabled between Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE radios in the 2.4 GHz band. This is done by using the throughput of the Wi-Fi client and the Bluetooth LE central.

Test setup 

The following figure shows a reference test setup.

The reference test setup shows the connections between the following devices:

Device Under Test (DUT) (nRF7002 DK on which the coexistence sample runs)
Wi-Fi peer device (access point with test PC that runs iPerf)
Bluetooth LE peer device (nRF5340 DK on which Bluetooth LE throughput sample runs)

The following table provides more details on the sample or application that runs on DUT and peer devices:

Device	Application	Details
nRF7002 DK (DUT)	Bluetooth LE coexistence sample	The sample runs Wi-Fi throughput only, Bluetooth LE throughput only, or a combination of both based on configuration selections in the `prj.conf`.
Test PC	iPerf application	Wi-Fi iPerf UDP server is run on the test PC, and this acts as a peer device to the Wi-Fi UDP client that runs on the nRF7002 DK.
nRF5340 DK (peer)	Bluetooth LE throughput sample	Bluetooth LE throughput sample is run in peripheral mode on the nRF5340 DK, and this acts as a peer device to Bluetooth LE central that runs on the nRF7002 DK.

Configuration 

See Configuring and building for information about how to permanently or temporarily change the configuration.

Configuration options 

The following sample-specific Kconfig options are used in this sample (located in samples/wifi/ble_coex/Kconfig):

CONFIG_TEST_TYPE_WLAN_ONLY

(bool) WLAN only

Enable WLAN only

CONFIG_TEST_TYPE_BLE_ONLY

(bool) BLE only

Enable BLE only

CONFIG_TEST_TYPE_WLAN_BLE

(bool) WLAN and BLE

Enable WLAN and BLE

CONFIG_TEST_TYPE_WLAN

(bool) WLAN

Enable WLAN

CONFIG_TEST_TYPE_BLE

(bool) BLE

Enable BLE

CONFIG_NET_CONFIG_PEER_IPV4_ADDR

(string) Peer IPv4 address

None

CONFIG_NET_CONFIG_PEER_IPV4_PORT

(int) Peer IPv4 port

None

CONFIG_WIFI_THREAD_STACK_SIZE

(int) Wi-Fi thread stack size

None

CONFIG_WIFI_THREAD_PRIORITY

(int) Wi-Fi thread priority

None

CONFIG_WIFI_ZPERF_SERVER

(bool) Zperf role: server or client

None

CONFIG_WIFI_ZPERF_PROT_UDP

(bool) UDP or TCP

None

CONFIG_WIFI_ZPERF_PKT_SIZE

(int) packet size

None

CONFIG_WIFI_ZPERF_RATE

(int) rate in kbps

None

CONFIG_INTERVAL_MIN

(int) BLE min connection interval. Each unit 1.25milliseconds

None

CONFIG_INTERVAL_MAX

(int) BLE max connection interval. Each unit 1.25milliseconds

None

CONFIG_COEX_ENABLE

(bool) Control if coexistence HW is enable

None

CONFIG_COEX_WLAN_2PT4G

(bool) Indicates if WLAN operating band is 2.4GHz or 5GHz

None

CONFIG_WIFI_TEST_DURATION

(int) test duration in milliseconds

None

CONFIG_BLE_TEST_DURATION

(int) test duration in milliseconds

None

CONFIG_COEX_BT_CENTRAL

(bool) BT device role

None

CONFIG_COEX_SEP_ANTENNAS

(bool) Control if the antennas are shared/separate for BT and WLAN

None

CONFIG_SR_PROTOCOL_BLE

(bool) Indicates if the Short Range protocol is Bluetooth LE or not

None

Additional configuration 

To enable different test modes, set up the following configuration parameters in the prj.conf file:

Test modes: Use the following Kconfig options to select the required test case:
- CONFIG_TEST_TYPE_WLAN_ONLY for Wi-Fi-only test.
- CONFIG_TEST_TYPE_BLE_ONLY for Bluetooth LE-only test.
- CONFIG_TEST_TYPE_WLAN_BLE for concurrent Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE test.
Based on the required test, set only one of these to y.
Test duration: Use the CONFIG_WIFI_TEST_DURATION Kconfig option to set the duration of the Wi-Fi test and CONFIG_BLE_TEST_DURATION for the Bluetooth LE test. The units are in milliseconds. For example, to set the test for 20 seconds, set these values to 20000. For the concurrent Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE test, make sure that both are set to the same duration to ensure maximum overlap.
Bluetooth LE configuration: Set the Bluetooth LE connection interval limits using the CONFIG_INTERVAL_MIN and CONFIG_INTERVAL_MAX Kconfig options. The units are 1.25 milliseconds. For example, CONFIG_INTERVAL_MIN=80 corresponds to an interval of 100 ms (80 x 1.25).
Wi-Fi connection: Configure the following Wi-Fi credentials in the prj.conf: appropriately as per the credentials of the access point used for this testing:

Wi-Fi static credential options

If you want to configure the credentials statically, set the CONFIG_WIFI_CREDENTIALS_STATIC Kconfig option to y.

Important

Do not use static credentials in production environments.

Other options for statically configuring your Wi-Fi credentials:

CONFIG_WIFI_CREDENTIALS_STATIC - This option enables static Wi-Fi configuration.
CONFIG_WIFI_CREDENTIALS_STATIC_SSID - Wi-Fi SSID.
CONFIG_WIFI_CREDENTIALS_STATIC_PASSWORD - Wi-Fi password.
CONFIG_WIFI_CREDENTIALS_STATIC_TYPE_OPEN - Wi-Fi network uses no password.
CONFIG_WIFI_CREDENTIALS_STATIC_TYPE_PSK - Wi-Fi network uses a password and PSK security (default).
CONFIG_WIFI_CREDENTIALS_STATIC_TYPE_PSK_SHA256 - Wi-Fi network uses a password and PSK-256 security.
CONFIG_WIFI_CREDENTIALS_STATIC_TYPE_SAE - Wi-Fi network uses a password and SAE security.

Note

You can also use menuconfig to configure Wi-Fi credentials.

See Interactive Kconfig interfaces in the Zephyr documentation for instructions on how to run menuconfig.

Wi-Fi throughput test: Set the CONFIG_NET_CONFIG_PEER_IPV4_ADDR Kconfig option appropriately as per the Wi-Fi interface IP address of the test PC on which iPerf is run.

Set up the test duration configuration parameters in the Kconfig.conf file of the Bluetooth throughput sample from the nrf/samples/bluetooth/throughput folder. Use CONFIG_BT_THROUGHPUT_DURATION to set the duration of the Bluetooth LE throughput test only when running Bluetooth LE throughput in central role. The units are in milliseconds.

Note

Use the same test duration value for CONFIG_WIFI_TEST_DURATION, CONFIG_BLE_TEST_DURATION, and CONFIG_BT_THROUGHPUT_DURATION.

Building and running 

This sample can be found under samples/wifi/ble_coex in the nRF Connect SDK folder structure.

When built as firmware image for a board target with the */ns variant, the sample has Cortex-M Security Extensions (CMSE) enabled and separates the firmware between Non-Secure Processing Environment (NSPE) and Secure Processing Environment (SPE). Because of this, it automatically includes the Trusted Firmware-M (TF-M). To read more about CMSE, see Processing environments.

To build the sample, follow the instructions in Building an application for your preferred building environment. See also Programming an application for programming steps and Testing and optimization for general information about testing and debugging in the nRF Connect SDK.

Note

When building repository applications in the SDK repositories, building with sysbuild is enabled by default. If you work with out-of-tree freestanding applications, you need to manually pass the --sysbuild parameter to every build command or configure west to always use it.

You can build the coexistence sample for the following configurations:

Wi-Fi throughput only
Bluetooth LE throughput only
Concurrent Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE throughput (with coexistence enabled and disabled modes)

To build for the nRF7002 DK, use the nrf7002dk/nrf5340/cpuapp board target. The following are examples of the CLI commands:

Build with coexistence disabled:

west build -p -b nrf7002dk/nrf5340/cpuapp -- -DCONFIG_MPSL_CX=n -Dipc_radio_CONFIG_MPSL_CX=n

Use this command for Wi-Fi throughput only, Bluetooth LE throughput only, or concurrent Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE throughput with coexistence disabled tests.

Build with coexistence enabled:

west build -p -b nrf7002dk/nrf5340/cpuapp -- -DCONFIG_MPSL_CX=y -Dipc_radio_CONFIG_MPSL_CX=y

Use this command for concurrent Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE throughput with coexistence enabled test.

Change the board target as given below for the nRF7001 DK, nRF7002 EK, and nRF7001 EK.

Board target for nRF7001 DK:
```
nrf7002dk/nrf5340/cpuapp/nrf7001
```
Board target for nRF7002 EK and nRF7001 EK:
```
nrf5340dk/nrf5340/cpuapp
```

Add the following SHIELD options for the nRF7002 EK and nRF7001 EK.

For nRF7002 EK:
```
-DSHIELD=nrf7002ek
```
For nRF7001 EK:
```
-DSHIELD=nrf7002ek_nrf7001
```

The generated HEX file to be used is ble_coex/build/merged.hex.

Use the Bluetooth throughput sample from the nrf/samples/bluetooth/throughput folder on the peer nRF5340 DK device.

Build for the nRF5340 DK:

west build -p -b nrf5340dk/nrf5340/cpuapp

The generated HEX file to be used is throughput/build/merged.hex.

Testing 

After programming the sample to your development kit, complete the following steps to test it:

Connect the kit to the computer using a USB cable. The kit is assigned a COM port (Windows) or ttyACM device (Linux), which is visible in the Device Manager.
Connect to the kit with a terminal emulator (for example, nRF Connect Serial Terminal). See Testing and optimization for the required settings and steps.
Run the following command to check the available devices:
```
nrfjprog --com
```
This command returned the following output in the setup used to run the coexistence tests.
```
1050043161         /dev/ttyACM0    VCOM0
1050043161         /dev/ttyACM1    VCOM1
1050724225         /dev/ttyACM2    VCOM0
1050724225         /dev/ttyACM3    VCOM1
```
In this example, 1050043161 is the serial number of the nRF5340 DK and 1050724225 is the serial number of the nRF7002 DK.

While connecting to a particular device, use the /dev/ttyACM corresponding to VCOM1. In the example, use /dev/ttyACM1 to connect to the device with the serial number 1050043161. Similarly, use /dev/ttyACM3 to connect to the device with the serial number 1050724225.

Run the following commands to connect to the desired devices:

minicom -D /dev/ttyACM1 -b 115200
minicom -D /dev/ttyACM3 -b 115200

Programming DKs 

Complete the following steps to program the DKs:

Start the toolchain environment in a terminal window.
Navigate to the <ncs code>/nrf/samples/bluetooth/throughput/ folder.

Run the following command:

west flash --dev-id <device-id> --hex-file build/merged.hex

Start the toolchain environment in a terminal window.
Navigate to the <ncs code>/nrf/samples/wifi/ble_coex/ folder.

Run the following command:

west flash --dev-id <device-id> --hex-file build/merged.hex

Test procedure 

The following table provides the procedure to run Wi-Fi only, Bluetooth LE-only, and combined throughput.

Test case	Coexistence	Test procedure
Wi-Fi-only throughput	N.A.	Run Wi-Fi iPerf in server mode on the test PC. Build the coexistence sample for Wi-Fi-only throughput and program the application on the nRF7002 DK.
Bluetooth LE -only throughput	N.A.	Program the Bluetooth LE throughput application on the nRF5340 DK and select role as peripheral. Build the coexistence sample for Bluetooth LE-only and program the application on the nRF7002 DK.
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE combined throughput	Disabled/ Enabled	Run Wi-Fi iPerf in server mode on the test PC. Program the Bluetooth LE throughput application on the nRF5340 DK and select role as peripheral. Build the coexistence sample for concurrent Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE throughput and program the application on the nRF7002 DK.

When the sample is executed, the Wi-Fi UDP throughput operates with the Device Under Test (DUT) in client mode. To run the UDP throughput in server mode on the peer device (test PC), use the following command.

iperf -s -i 1 -u

Observe that the Wi-Fi throughput result appears on the test PC terminal on which iPerf server is run. The Bluetooth LE throughput result appears on the minicom terminal connected to the nRF5340 DK.

Results 

The following tables summarize the results obtained from coexistence tests conducted in a clean RF environment for different Wi-Fi operating bands, antenna configurations, and Wi-Fi modes. These results are representative and might vary based on the RSSI and the level of external interference.

Wi-Fi (802.11n mode) in 2.4 GHz

Separate antennas:

Test case	Wi-Fi UDP TX throughput in Mbps	Bluetooth LE throughput in kbps
Wi-Fi-only, client (UDP TX)	10.2	N.A.
Bluetooth LE-only, central	N.A.	1107
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE, coexistence disabled	9.9	145
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE, coexistence enabled	8.3	478

Shared antenna:

Test case	Wi-Fi UDP TX throughput in Mbps	Bluetooth LE throughput in kbps
Wi-Fi-only, client (UDP TX)	10.2	N.A.
Bluetooth LE-only, central	N.A.	1219
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE, coexistence disabled	10.2	29
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE, coexistence enabled	6.2	749

Wi-Fi (802.11b mode) in 2.4 GHz

Separate antennas:

Test case	Wi-Fi UDP TX throughput in Mbps	Bluetooth LE throughput in kbps
Wi-Fi-only, client (UDP TX)	3.5	N.A.
Bluetooth LE-only, central	N.A.	1042
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE, coexistence disabled	3.3	110
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE, coexistence enabled	2.2	563

Shared antenna:

Test case	Wi-Fi UDP TX throughput in Mbps	Bluetooth LE throughput in kbps
Wi-Fi-only, client (UDP TX)	3.5	N.A.
Bluetooth LE-only, central	N.A.	1190
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE, coexistence disabled	3.4	59
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE, coexistence enabled	2.2	508

Wi-Fi (802.11n mode) in 5 GHz

Separate antennas:

Test case	Wi-Fi UDP TX throughput in Mbps	Bluetooth LE throughput in kbps
Wi-Fi-only, client (UDP TX)	10.2	N.A.
Bluetooth LE-only, central	N.A.	1139
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE, coexistence disabled	10.2	1188
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE, coexistence enabled	10.2	1208

Shared antenna:

Test case	Wi-Fi UDP TX throughput in Mbps	Bluetooth LE throughput in kbps
Wi-Fi-only, client (UDP TX)	10.2	N.A.
Bluetooth LE-only, central	N.A.	1180
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE, coexistence disabled	10.2	1177
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE, coexistence enabled	10.2	1191

Sample output 

The following screenshots show coexistence test results obtained for separate antenna configuration with Wi-Fi mode set to 802.11n. These tests were run with WLAN connected to an AP in 2.4 GHz band. In the images, the top image result shows Wi-Fi throughput that appears on a test PC terminal in which Wi-Fi iPerf server is run and the bottom image result shows Bluetooth LE throughput that appears on a minicom terminal in which the Bluetooth LE throughput sample is run.

Bluetooth LE-only throughput: 1107 kbps

Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE CD — Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE throughput, coexistence disabled: Wi-Fi 9.9 Mbps and Bluetooth LE 145 kbps

Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE CE — Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE throughput, coexistence enabled: Wi-Fi 8.3 Mbps and Bluetooth LE 478 kbps

The results show that coexistence harmonizes airtime between Wi-Fi and Bluetooth LE rather than resulting in a higher combined throughput. This is consistent with the design intent.

Dependencies 

This sample uses the following library:

nRF Security